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Datasheet: Datura stramonium

1. NOMENCLATURE

Common Names (english): Jimson weed, Devil's snare, hell's bells, devil’s trumpet, devil’s weed, tolguacha, Jamestown weed, stinkweed, locoweed, pricklyburr, devil’s cucumber ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}
Common Names (german): Gemeiner Stechapfel, Weißer Stechapfel ^{[wiki ger 13.12.2015]}
Common Names (german local): Botschekrämen (Siebenbürgen), Dollkraut (Schlesien) Donnerkugeln (Tirol), Dornapfel, Dornkopf, Düwelsappel (Mecklenburg), Fliegenkrautsamen, Füllenminze, Igelskopf, Igelskolben, Kekebenziker (Siebenbürgen im Rauthal), Kreuzkümmel (Küstrin), Krötenmelde, Krützkämel (Pommern), Papeln (Siebenbürgen), Paputschen (Siebenbürgen), Pferdegift, Quechapfel, Rauchapfelkraut, Schwarzkümmel (für den Samen; Henneberg), Schwenizkreokt (Siebenbürgen bei Jakobsdorf), Säkappel (Mecklenburg, Unterweser), Stachelnus, Stechapfel, Stechöpffels, Stekappel, Tatschekrokt (Siebenbürgen bei Johannisdorf), Tobkraut (Schlesien bei Lauban), Tollkörner, Tollkraut. ^{[wiki ger 13.12.2015]}
Taxonomic Position: Solanaceae ^{[wiki ger 13.12.2015]}

2. DESCRIPTION

Plant Type: annual herb ^{[wiki ger 13.12.2015]}

3. DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY

Geographical Distribution: Datura stramonium is native to North America, but was spread to the Old World early. Today, it grows wild in all the world's warm and moderate regions. ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}
Hardiness and Environmental Requirements: sensitive to frost ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}
Soil Requirements: In Europe, it is found as a weed on wastelands and in garbage dumps. Adding nitrogen fertilizer to the soil will increase the concentration of alkaloids present in the plant. /wild: roadsides and dung-rich livestock enclosures, rich, calcareous soil ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}

4. PROPAGATION AND CYCLE

Types of Propagation: The seed is thought to be carried by birds and spread in their droppings. Its seeds can lie dormant underground for years and germinate when the soil is disturbed. ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}
Seed Notes: When the fruits begin to burst open, the seeds are harvested. ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}

5. HISTORY AND CULTURE

Medicine: In traditional Ayurvedic medicine in India, datura has long been used for asthma symptoms. The active agent is atropine. The leaves are generally smoked either in a cigarette or a pipe. During the late 18th century, James Anderson, the English Physician General of the East India Company, learned of the practice and popularized it in Europe.
The Zuni once used datura as an analgesic, to render patients unconscious while broken bones were set. The Chinese also used it in this manner, as a form of anaesthesia during surgery. ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}
Spiritual: The ancient inhabitants of what is today central and southern California used to ingest the small black seeds of datura to "commune with deities through visions". Across the Americas, other indigenous peoples such as the Algonquin, Navajo, Cherokee, Marie Galente, and Luiseño also used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties. In Ethiopia, some students and debtrawoch (lay priests), use D. stramonium to "open the mind" to be more receptive to learning, and creative and imaginative thinking.
In his book, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Canadian ethnobotanist Wade Davis identified D. stramonium, called "zombi (sic) cucumber" in Haiti, as a central ingredient of the concoction vodou priests use to create zombies.
The common name "datura" has its roots in ancient India, where the plant is considered particularly sacred—believed to be a favorite of the Hindu god Shiva Nataraja. ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}

6. PROPERTIES AND BENEFITS

Documented properties: has been used in traditional medicine to relieve asthma symptoms and as an analgesic during surgery or bonesetting, powerful hallucinogen and deliriant, which is used spiritually for the intense visions it produces ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}
Parts of the plant with therapeutic/psychoactive value: all parts of Datura plants contain the tropane alkaloids ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}
Chemical Constituents: Atropine ((R,S)-Hyoscyamin racemate) and scopolamine, which are classified as deliriants, or anticholinergics. As much as a 5:1 variation can be found between plants. Additionally, within a given datura plant, toxin concentration varies by part and even from leaf to leaf. When the plant is younger, the ratio of scopolamine to atropine is about 3:1; after flowering, this ratio is reversed, with the amount of scopolamine continuing to decrease as the plant gets older. ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]([wiki ger 13.12.2015])}
Warning: Extracted scopolamine has been used by the CIA as a truth serum. Today it is used to secretly rob and/or rape victims. The tropane alkaloids responsible for both the medicinal and hallucinogenic properties are fatally toxic in only slightly higher amounts than the medicinal dosage, and careless use often results in hospitalizations and deaths. The approximate fatal dose for adult humans is >10 mg atropine or >2–4 mg scopolamine. ^{[docu][wiki en 13.12.2015]}

7. THE EXPERIENCE

Effects: Datura intoxication typically produces delirium (as contrasted to hallucination), hyperthermia, tachycardia, bizarre behavior, and severe mydriasis with resultant painful photophobia that can last several days. Pronounced amnesia is another commonly reported effect. The onset of symptoms generally occurs around 30 to 60 minutes after ingesting the herb. These symptoms generally last from 24 to 48 hours, but have been reported in some cases to last as long as two weeks. ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]} A common hallucination of smoking users is that a cigarette disappears right before the lighting. [erowid]
Antidote: Atropine ((R,S)-Hyoscyamin racemate) and scopolamine intoxication can be proven as trimethylsilyl-derivates via GC-MS. ^{[wiki ger 13.12.2015]} As with other cases of anticholinergic poisoning, intravenous physostigmine can be administered in severe cases as an antidote. ^{[wiki en 13.12.2015]}

8. REFERENCES AND CITATIONS

sts:
Giveaways:
on: November 25, 2014, 03:49:39 am marshmallow http://sharetheseeds.me/forum/index.php?topic=1985.msg14642#msg14642
on: December 19, 2014, 09:52:43 pm BubbleCat http://sharetheseeds.me/forum/index.php?topic=2085.msg24489#msg24489
Discussion:
Moldy seeds viability http://sharetheseeds.me/forum/index.php?topic=1773.msg12982#msg12982
Datura hybridisation http://sharetheseeds.me/forum/index.php?topic=2489.msg18408#msg18408
External Links:
medicinal qualities:
https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/t/thorna12.html
http://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/kings/datura.html
[erowid] https://www.erowid.org/plants/datura/datura_stramonium.shtml
[docu]
[wiki en] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura_stramonium
[wiki ger] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Stechapfel
External Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.263a.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bielu%C5%84_dzi%C4%99dzierzawa_Datura_stramonium_Seed_01.jpg
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Datura_stramonium1.jpg

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 2 links about the medical qualitys of datura

   ---   https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/t/thorna12.html

   ---   http://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/kings/datura.html